b-pharmacy (PCI) I year / II sem

1. A Textbook of Biochemistry
2. A Textbook of Human Anatomy and Physiology-II
3. A Textbook of Pathophysiology
4. A Textbook of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry-I

1. Biochemistry
2. Computer Applications in Pharmacy
3. Environmental Sciences (only for PCI)
4. Human Anatomy and Physiology-II
5. Pathophysiology
6. Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry-I.

Nervous System:
Organization of nervous system, neuron, neuroglia, classification and properties of nerve fibre, electrophysiology, action potential, nerve impulse, receptors, synapse, neurotransmitters.
Central Nervous System:
Meninges, ventricles of brain and cerebrospinal fluid, structure and functions of brain (cerebrum, brain stem, cerebellum), spinal cord (gross structure, functions of afferent and efferent nerve tracts and reflex activity).

Digestive System:
Anatomy of GI tract with special reference to anatomy and functions of stomach (acid production in the stomach, regulation of acid production through parasympathetic nervous system, pepsin role in protein digestion), small intestine and large intestine, anatomy and functions of salivary glands, pancreas and liver, movements of GIT, digestion and absorption of nutrients and disorders of GIT.
Energetics:
Formation and role of ATP, creatinine phosphate and BMR.

Respiratory System:
Anatomy of respiratory system with special reference to anatomy of lungs, mechanism of respiration and regulation of respiration.
Lung volumes and capacities, transport of respiratory gases, artificial respiration, and resuscitation methods.
Urinary System:
Anatomy of urinary tract with special reference to anatomy of kidney and nephrons, functions of kidney and urinary tract, physiology of urine formation, micturition reflex and role of kidneys in acid-base balance, role of RAS in kidney and disorders of kidney.

Endocrine System:
Classification of hormones, mechanism of hormone action, structure and functions of pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, pineal gland, thymus and their disorders.

Reproductive System:
Anatomy of male and female reproductive system, functions of male and female reproductive system, sex hormones, physiology of menstruation, fertilization, spermatogenesis, oogenesis, pregnancy and parturition.
Introduction to Genetics:
Chromosomes, genes and DNA, protein synthesis and genetic pattern of inheritance.

Basic Principles of Cell injury and Adaptation:
Introduction, definitions, homeostasis, components and types of feedback systems, causes of cellular injury, pathogenesis (cell membrane damage, mitochondrial damage, ribosome damage, nuclear damage), morphology of cell injury : Adaptive changes (atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia), cell swelling, intra cellular accumulation, calcification, enzyme leakage and cell death, acidosis and alkalosis, electrolyte imbalance.
Basic Mechanism Involved in the Process of Inflammation and Repair:
Introduction, clinical signs of inflammation, different types of inflammation, mechanism of inflammation : alteration in vascular permeability and blood flow, migration of WBCs, mediators of inflammation, basic principles of wound healing in the skin, pathophysiology of atherosclerosis.

Cardiovascular System:
Hypertension, congestive heart failure, ischaemic heart disease (angina,myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis)
• Respiratory System: Asthma, Chronic obstructive airways diseases
• Renal System: Acute and chronic renal failure.

Haematological Diseases:
Iron deficiency, megaloblastic anaemia (Vit B12 and folic acid), sickle cell anaemia, thalassaemia, hereditary acquired anaemia, haemophilia.
• Endocrine System: Diabetes, thyroid diseases, disorders of sex hormones
• Nervous System: Epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, psychiatric disorders: depression, schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease
• Gastrointestinal System: Peptic Ulcer.

Inflammatory bowel diseases, jaundice, hepatitis (A,B,C,D,E,F), alcoholic liver disease
• Disease of Bones and Joints: Rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis and gout
• Principles of Cancer: Classification, etiology and pathogenesis of cancer.

• Infectious Diseases: Meningitis, typhoid, leprosy, tuberculosis, urinary tract infections
• Sexually Transmitted Diseases: AIDS, syphilis, gonorrhoea.

Classification, Nomenclature and Isomerism:
Classification of organic compounds.
Common and IUPAC systems of nomenclature of organic compounds (up to 10 carbons open chain and carbocyclic compounds).
Structural isomerisms in organic compounds.

Alkanes, Alkenes and Conjugated Dienes:
sp3 hybridization in alkanes, halogenation of alkanes, uses of paraffins. Stabilities of alkenes, sp2 hybridization in alkenes
E1 and E2 reactions – Kinetics, order of reactivity of alkyl halides, rearrangement of carbocations, Saytzeff’s orientation and evidences. E1 verses E2 reactions, factors affecting E1 and E2 reactions. Ozonolysis, electrophilic addition reactions of alkenes, Markovnikov’s orientation, free radical addition reactions of alkenes,Anti Markovnikov’s orientation.
Stability of conjugated dienes, Diel-Alder, electrophilic addition, free radical addition reactions of conjugated dienes, allylic rearrangement.

Alkyl Halides:
SN1 and SN2 reactions - Kinetics, order of reactivity of alkyl halides, stereochemistry and rearrangement of carbocations. SN1 versus SN2 reactions, factors affecting SN1 and SN2 reactions. Structure and uses of ethylchloride, chloroform, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, dichloromethane, tetrachloromethane and iodoform.
Alcohols:
Qualitative tests, structure and uses of ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, chlorobutanol, cetosteryl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, glycerol, propylene glycol.

Carbonyl Compounds (Aldehydes and Ketones):
Nucleophilic addition, electromeric effect,Aldol condensation, crossedAldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, crossed Cannizzaro reaction, benzoin condensation, Perkin’s condensation, qualitative tests, structure and uses of formaldehyde, paraldehyde, acetone, chloral hydrate, hexamine, benzaldehyde, vanilin, cinnamaldehyde.

Carboxylic Acids:
Acidity of carboxylic acids, effect of substituents on acidity, inductive effect and qualitative tests for carboxylic acids, amides and esters.
Structure and uses of acetic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid, oxalic acid, salicylic acid, benzoic acid, benzyl benzoate, dimethyl phthalate, methyl salicylate and acetyl salicylic acid.
Aliphatic Amines: Basicity, effect of substituent on basicity. Qualitative tests, structure and uses of ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, amphetamine.

Biomolecules:
Introduction, classification, chemical nature and biological role of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, amino acids and proteins.
Bioenergetics:
Concept of free energy, endergonic and exergonic reactions, relationship between free energy, enthalpy and entropy; redox potential. Energy rich compounds, classification, biological significances of ATP and cyclic AMP.

Carbohydrate Metabolism:
Glycolysis – Pathway, energetics and significance. Citric acid cycle- Pathway, energetics and significance. HMP shunt and its significance, Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, glycogen metabolism pathways and glycogen storage diseases (GSDs).
Gluconeogenesis- Pathway and its significance, hormonal regulation of blood glucose level and diabetes mellitus.
Biological Oxidation:
Electron transport chain (ETC) and its mechanism, oxidative phosphorylation & its mechanism and substrate phosphorylation, inhibitors of ETC and oxidative phosphorylation/uncouplers.

Lipid Metabolism:
β-oxidation of saturated fatty acid (palmitic acid), formation and utilization of ketone bodies, ketoacidosis, De novo synthesis of fatty acids (palmitic acid), biological significance of cholesterol and conversion of cholesterol into bile acids, steroid hormone and vitamin D.
Disorders of lipid metabolism– Hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, fatty liver and obesity.
Amino Acid Metabolism:
General reactions of amino acid metabolism – Transamination, deamination & decarboxylation, urea cycle and its disorders, catabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine and their metabolic disorders (phenylketonuria, albinism, alkaptonuria, tyrosinemia), synthesis and significance of biological substances; 5-HT, melatonin, dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, catabolism of heme, hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice.

Nucleic Acid metabolism and genetic information transfer:
Biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, catabolism of purine nucleotides and hyperuricemia and gout disease, organization of mammalian genome, structure of DNAand RNAand their functions, DNAreplication (semiconservative model), transcription or RNA synthesis, genetic code, translation or protein synthesis and inhibitors.

Enzymes:
Introduction, properties, nomenclature and IUB classification of enzymes, enzyme kinetics (Michaelis plot, Lineweaver Burk plot), enzyme inhibitors with examples.
Regulation of enzymes: enzyme-induction and repression, allosteric enzymes regulation, therapeutic and diagnostic applications of enzymes and isoenzymes, coenzymes–structure and biochemical functions.